Hubble finds first organic molecule on planet outside our solar system

A UK/US team of astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has made the first detection ever of an organic molecule in a planet orbiting another star. This breakthrough is an important step in eventually identifying signs of life on a planet outside our Solar System. The results are reported today (19th March) in the journal Nature.

The scientists found the tell-tale signature of the molecule methane in the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet called HD 189733b, which is about the size of Jupiter and orbits a start 63 light years away.

Team member Dr Giovanna Tinetti from the University College London holds a prestigious STFC Aurora Fellowship to study biosignatures on planets beyond the solar system. She says “We haven’t found life on another planet yet, but this in an exciting step towards showing that we can detect these signature molecules where they are present in the Universe.”

Under the right circumstances methane can play a key role in prebiotic chemistry – the chemical reactions considered necessary to form life as we know it. Although methane has been detected on most of the planets in our Solar System, this is the first time any organic molecule has been detected on a world orbiting another star.

This discovery proves that Hubble and upcoming space missions, such as the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, can detect organic molecules on planets around other stars by using spectroscopy, which splits light into its components to reveal the “fingerprints” of various chemicals.

“This is a crucial stepping stone to eventually characterising prebiotic molecules on planets where life could exist”, said Mark Swain of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, USA, who led the team that made the discovery.

The discovery comes after extensive observations made in May 2007 with Hubble’s Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS). It also confirms the existence of water molecules in the planet’s atmosphere, a discovery made originally by NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope in 2007. “With this observation there is no question whether there is water or not – water is present”, said Swain.

The planet, HD 189733b, now known to have both methane and water is located 63 light-years away in the constellation Vulpecula, the little fox. HD 189733b, a “hot Jupiter”-type extrasolar planet, is so close to its parent star it takes just over two days to complete an orbit. “Hot Jupiters” are the size of Jupiter but orbit closer to their stars than the tiny innermost planet Mercury in our Solar System. HD 189733b’s atmosphere swelters at 900 degrees C, about the same temperature as the melting point of silver.

The observations were made as the planet HD 189733b passed in front of its parent star in what astronomers call a transit. As the light from the star passed briefly through the atmosphere along the edge of the planet, the gases in the atmosphere imprinted their unique signatures on the starlight from the star HD 189733. According to co-author Giovanna Tinetti from the University College London and the European Space Agency: “Water alone could not explain all the spectral features observed. The additional contribution of methane is necessary to fit the Hubble data”.

Methane, composed by carbon and hydrogen, is one of the main components of natural gas, a petroleum product. On Earth, methane is produced by a variety of sources: natural sources such as termites, the oceans and wetland environments, but also from livestock and manmade sources like waste landfills and as a by-product of energy generation. Tinetti is however quick to rule out any biological origin of the methane found on HD 189733b. “The planet’s atmosphere is far too hot for even the hardiest life to survive — at least the kind of life we know from Earth. It’s highly unlikely that cows could survive here!”

The astronomers were surprised to find that the planet has more methane than predicted by conventional models for “hot Jupiters”. This type of hot planet should have much more carbon monoxide than methane but HD 189733b doesn’t. Tinetti explains: “A sensible explanation is that the Hubble observations were more sensitive to the dark night side of this planet where the atmosphere is slightly colder and the photochemical mechanisms responsible for methane destruction are less efficient than on the day side”.

Though the star-hugger planet is too hot for life as we know it, “this observation is proof that spectroscopy can eventually be done on a cooler and potentially habitable Earth-sized planet orbiting a dimmer red dwarf-type star”, Swain said. The ultimate goal of studies like these is to identify prebiotic molecules in the atmospheres of planets in the “habitable zones” around other stars, where temperatures are right for water to remain liquid rather than freeze or evaporate away.

“These measurements are an important step to our ultimate goal of determining the conditions, such as temperature, pressure, winds, clouds, etc., and the chemistry on planets where life could exist. Infrared spectroscopy is really the key to these studies because it is best matched to detecting molecules”, said Swain.

Notes for editors

The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.

The Aurora Fellowship

The scheme is an STFC fellowship dedicated to enhancing the UK's long term capabilities and cross disciplinary approach to planetology and astrobiology, in order to better position the UK to exploit both the European Space Agency's Aurora Programme and continuing Science Programme. The primary objective of Aurora is a European long-term plan for robotic and human exploration of the Solar System, with Mars, the Moon and the asteroids as the most likely targets. The second objective is to search for life beyond Earth.

Images and captions

• Image - Artist’s impression of HD 189733b
  
  Credit: ESA, NASA and G. Tinetti (University College London, UK & ESA)
  
  
• Image - A distant world around another star
  
  This illustration depicts the extrasolar planet HD 189733b with its parent star peeking above its top edge. Astronomers used the Hubble Space Telescope to detect methane and water vapor in the Jupiter-size planet's atmosphere. They made the finding by studying how light from the host star filters through the planet's atmosphere.
  
  Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (Space Telescope Science Institute)

Contacts

• Julia Maddock - STFC Press Office
  Tel: + 44 (0)1793 442094
  
  
• Giovanna Tinetti - University College London /
  European Space Agency
  Tel: + 44 (0)7912 509617
  
  
• Mark Swain
  Tel: + 1 818 455 2396
  
  
• Lars Lindberg Christensen - Hubble / ESA
  Garching, Germany
  Tel: + 49 (0)89 3200 6306
  Cellular: + 49 (0)173 3872 621
  
  
• Ray Villard - Space Telescope Science Institute
  Baltimore, USA
  Tel: + 1 410 338 4514
  
  

Links

• NASA’s press release (link opens in a new window) 
• Hubble Europe release (link opens in a new window) 

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